Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves at the European Parliament, February 2, 2016

"We are aghast when we hear of the numbers. A million refugees and migrants to Europe this year, predictions of another two million in the next two.

Yes, these are truly large numbers. Yes, they will strain social cohesion, our budgets. And, yet. We have seen far worse and we have prevailed. In the Europe of 1946, Germany alone had 12 million internal refugees and another 12 million Displaced Persons of 20 different nationalities.

To solve this, in three years UNRRA, the UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration spent in today's money, some 50 billion Euros.

...I say this all, inter alia, as the son of refugees, who fled terror in their homeland in Estonia in WWII. Which is why I have this [New Jersey] accent. I hope a few decades from now, we will have a President in a democratic Syria, who speaks Arabic with a German accent. My parents did not always feel welcome when they reached Sweden, but they were given a chance."

Anna Holian, Between National Socialism and Soviet Communism: Displaced Persons in Postwar Europe (Michigan UP, 2011)

Daniel Cohen, In War's Wake: Europe’s Displaced Persons in the Postwar Order. (Oxford UP, 2011)

Atina Grossmann, Jews, Germans, and Allies: Close Encounters in Occupied Germany (Princeton UP, 2009).

State Archive of the Russian Federation (GA RF)

Biblioteka-fond “Russkoe zarubezh’e” (BF “RZ”)

Historisches Archiv der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen

Possev e. V. Archives, Arkhiv NTS (Frankfurt)

Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton, NJ

Archives Nationales de France (AN)

National Archives (NA PRO), London

Hoover Institution Archives (HI A)

Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University (BAR)

United Nations Archives and Records Centre (UN A)

The Tolstoy Foundation Archives and Library, Valley Cottage, NY

National Archives and Records Administration (NA NARA)

Immigration History Research Center

Identity Manipulation and Misidentification

"Free living" Displaced Persons

D: DPs, descendants of the Auslanders. Are divided into two unequal parts: one lives in camps, the other “lives in private.” -The DP Alphabet

Refugee Politics and Anti-politics

Unregulated Migration

Table of Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 - The Rise of Migration Governance and the Creation of Irregular Migration, 1914-1939

Chapter 2 - Regulated and Unregulated Movements during World War II

Chapter 3 -Post-War Camps and “Free-Living DPs”

Chapter 4 - Refugee Politics and Anti-Politics

Chapter 5 - Irregular Immigration and Resettlement

Chapter 6 - Towards a Global History of Unregulated Migration

Conclusion